The Cooling Effects of Landscape Configurations of Green–Blue Spaces in Urban Waterfront Community

Optimizing the configuration of green–blue spaces is crucial in mitigating urban heat island effect. However, many existing studies neglect to consider synergistic cooling effect space and its spatial comparison, focusing instead on individual ecological elements green or water bodies. Additionally, relative importance different indicators their marginal effects remain unclear, with an identified need for quantification indicator thresholds maximizing To address these gaps, this study investigated 30 waterfront communities located Kunshan City, Jiangsu Province, China, measured scale, distribution, morphology, relationship, built environment spaces. determine effect, maximum air temperature mean cold intensity were using ENVI-met simulations. Correlation analyses boosted regression trees (BRT) utilized identify that affect action threshold. The results show distribution body shape are most important features affecting temperature, patch density (PD) landscape index (LSI) contributing 21.3% 20.9% reduction while 550 4.2, respectively. contribution percentage critical raising intensity, threshold at 43%. These findings provide practical guidance efficient exploitation enhancement climate resilience coastal cities.